Lecture 1: Civilization in Italy
1. The Apennine Mountains- Gran Sasso 9700 feet high
2. The Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas
3. The problem of harbors in the east
4. Proximity to Africa and Sicily and Greece
5. The Po River Valley- north of Florence and the Apennines-grain center
6. The Italian Alps
B. The Regions of Italy-- Tuscany/Etruria
1. Between Arno and Tiber Rivers and the Tyrrhenian Sea
2. Catena Metallifera- Cosa, Pisa, Siena, Elba
3. Colline Metallifere- copper, lead, iron, tin
4. The Southern Tufo Plateau- soft volcanic ash, crater lakes
5. The Tiber River
C. Latium/Lazio- central Italian region
1. The Alban Hills
2. Mount Albanus 3000 feet high
3. Volcanic subsoil- bad for grain, good for orchards, vineyards, beech
4. Alluvial clay under thin coat of lava
5. The Roman Campagna- the Alban hills and valleys, Anio River
6. Rome
a. Volcanic hills up to 300 feet high
b. Tiber River
c. The 7 Hills of Rome-
1.Outer Ring- Quirinal, Viminal, Caelian, Esquiline
2. Inner Ring- Capitoline, Palatine, Aventine
d. The Velabrum
D. Dates Summary:
500,000-100,000- Lower Paleolithic
100,000-35,000- Middle Paleolithic
35,000- 8,000- Upper Paleolithic
8000-6000-Mesolithic
6000-3000- Neolithic
3000-1000- Bronze Age
1000-750 B.C. Archaic 1
750-675 B.C.- Archaic 2/ Geometric
675-600 B.C.- Archaic 3/ Orientalizing
600-500 B.C.- The Archaic Period
500-300 B.C.- Classical Period
300-31 B.C.- Hellenistic Period
31 B.C.- 330 A.D.- Roman Empire
509 B.C.- 31 B.C.- Roman Republic
E. The Coming of the Iron Age
1. Bronze Age ends circa 1000 B.C.
2. Archaic I 1000-750 B.C.--Villanovans arrive
3. Archaic II 750-675 B.C.-- Geometric
4. Archaic III 675-600 B.C.--Orientalizing